Updated: 22 Dec. 2006.
Borchard, R. E. The use of live animals to teach veterinary pharmacology. [Journal article] Journal of Veterinary Medical Education. 1988. 15: 2, 41-42.
Dewhurst D. Computer-based alternatives to using animals in teaching physiology and pharmacology to undergraduate students. ATLA 2004;32 Suppl 1:517-520.
[Repeated under 'Physiology.']
Dewhurst DG, Howells C. A computer simulation of the cat nictitating membrane preparation (in vivo) for teaching undergraduate pharmacology students. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals: ATLA 1990;17:291-300.
Dewhurst DG, IJllyott RT. Computer-simulated demonstration of the actions of drugs on the isolated perfused mammalian heart. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals: ATLA 1991;19:316-322.
Henman MC, Leach GDH. An alternative method for pharmacology laboratory class instruction using biovideograph videotape recordings. British Journal of Pharmacology 1983;80:591P.
Undergraduate pharmacology students using biovideograph performed significantly better on post-laboratory tests than those participating in the organ-based laboratories.
Hummel T, Lotsch J, Brune K, Kobal G.
Computer-assisted teaching in pharmacology.
ALTEX: Alternativen zu
Tierexperimenten
1993:10(1):45-60. Institut fur experimentelle und klinische Pharmakologie,
Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, D-Erlangen.
Computer-assisted teaching has become
a valuable alternative to experimental animals in the training of medical
students. The available software may be classified as follows: 1.Computerised
textbooks, which include text, graphics, animations, videoclips and sound.
2.Programmes prompting the student to make decisions which may be commented by
the programme. 3.Interactive simulations of biological processes.
4.Computer-based, interactive engineering of experiments which include the
processing of off-line recorded data. Within the last ten years, programmes
fitting all of these categories have been developed at the Department of
Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology at the University of
Erlangen-Nurnberg. Although both, development and maintenance are time-consuming
processes, these programs have been introduced most successfully to medical
students in pharmacology which, in turn, emphasises the growing importance of
computer-based teaching.
Kochevar D.T. Information technology in
veterinary pharmacology instruction. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education
2003;30(4):331-7. Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A
and M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA. dkochevar@cvm.tamu.edu
Veterinary clinical pharmacology encompasses all interactions between drugs and animals and applies basic and clinical knowledge to improve rational drug use and patient outcomes. Veterinary pharmacology instructors set educational goals and objectives that, when mastered by students, lead to improved animal health. The special needs of pharmacology instruction include establishing a functional interface between basic and clinical knowledge, managing a large quantity of information, and mastering quantitative skills essential to successful drug administration and analysis of drug action. In the present study, a survey was conducted to determine the extent to which veterinary pharmacology instructors utilize information technology (IT) in their teaching. Several IT categories were investigated, including Web-based instructional aids, stand-alone pharmacology software, interactive videoconferencing, databases, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and e-book applications. Currently IT plays a largely ancillary role in pharmacology instruction. IT use is being expanded primarily through the efforts of two veterinary professional pharmacology groups, the American College of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology (ACVCP) and the American Academy of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (AAVPT). The long-term outcome of improved IT use in pharmacology instruction should be to support the larger educational mission of active learning and problem solving. Creation of high-quality IT resources that promote this goal has the potential to improve veterinary pharmacology instruction within and across institutions.
Le Normand Y, Drugeon HB, Potel G, Kergueris
MF, Raffi F, Milpied N, Douet MC, Caillon J, Roze JC. Teaching individualized
antibiotic dosage regimens by means of two computer-assisted learning programs.
International Journal of
Biomedical Computing 1994 Jun;36(1-2):117-119.
Faculte de Medecine, Nantes, France.
We developed two multidisciplinary tutorial programs (TOBRA-DIDACT and
VANCO-DIDACT) for teaching the basic principles of antibiotic drug monitoring by
simulation of repeated administrations to fictitious patients whose physio-pathologic
characteristics were pre-defined in the programs. To illustrate the two types of
bactericidal kinetics, we have chosen one time-dependent (vancomycin) and one
concentration-dependent (tobramycin) antibiotic. These computer-assisted
programs operate on an interactive mode. In each of them, three main steps are
connected: (1) Various types of clinical cases are submitted to the student: for
each of them, case report includes clinical characteristics, location of
infection, bacterial strain and minimal bactericidal concentration. These data
must be taken into account during the following steps. (2) The student has to
establish the treatment schedule: route of administration, dose for each
injection, intervals between injections and duration of infusion. (3) The result
of the dosage scheme proposed by the student is represented by a simulation of
plotting antibiotic plasma concentrations vs. time during the first 4 days of
treatment. These curves are obtained by a monoexponential (TOBRA-DIDACT) or
biexponential (VANCO-DIDACT) pharmacokinetic model. Peak and trough
concentrations are calculated at steady-state. An expert system provides a
commentary with each result to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment and to
assist the student in improving his prescription. TOBRA-DIDACT and VANCO-DIDACT
illustrate the influence of age, obesity, renal impairment, location of
infection and bacterial strain on antibiotic therapy. They also show the role of
route of administration, dosing and intervals between injections on therapeutic
response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Talbot, R. B. Role of computers in managing information for pharmacology teaching and research: Medical informatics. [Journal article] Proceedings of the Biennial Symposium on Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1988. 6: 77-82. 16 ref.
